app.

appendix

b.

born. For example, b.1939

c.

(circa) about: usually with a date. For example: c.1830.

cf.

(confer) compare.

ch.

chapter (plural chaps.)

col.

column (plural cols.)

d.

died. For example, d.1956

do.

(ditto) the same.

e.g.

(exempli gratia) for example.

ed.

edition; edited by; editor (plural eds.)

esp.

especially.

et al.

(et alii, aliae, or alia) and others. For example, Harkinson et. al.

et seq.

(et sequens) and the following. For example, p.36 et seq.

etc.

(et cetera) and so forth. [An over-used term. Worth avoiding.]

fig.

figure (plural figs.)

f./ff.

following. For example, 8ff. = page 8 and the following pages.

ibid.

(ibidem) in the same place: from the source previously mentioned.

i.e.

(id est) that is.

inf.

(infra) below: refers to a section still to come.

l.

line (plural ll.) [NB! easily mistaken for numbers 'One' and 'Eleven'.]

loc. cit.

(loco citato) at the place quoted: from the same place.

n.

note, footnote (plural nn.)

n.d.

no date given

op. cit.

(opere citato) from the work already quoted.

p.

page (plural pp.) For example, p.15 [Always precedes the number.]

para.

paragraph (plural paras.)

passim

in many places: too many references to list.

q.v.

(quod vide) look up this point elsewhere. For example, q.v. p.32.

sic

thus. As printed or written in the original. usually in square brackets [sic].

supra

above: in that part already dealt with.

trans.

translator, translated by.

viz.

(videlicet) namely, that is to say. For example: Under certain conditions, viz...

vol.

volume (plural, vols.)